After the "Turkification" of the Ottoman Empire in 1908 and the marginalization and oppression of its non-Turkish subjects, the Hashemites, under the then King of  the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali (His Majesty King Abdullah II's and His Royal Highness Prince Hamzah's great-great-grandfather), led the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, which liberated all the lands of  the Arab East (including the whole Arabian Peninsula and the Arab Levant) from Turkish "overall domination." The Great Arab Revolt also led to distinct Hashemite Kingdoms for  the sons of Sharif Hussein of Mecca in Transjordan, Syria, Iraq and the Hejaz, but the only one to survive to this day is that of Transjordan, which since 1946 has been renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.